If you have a mobile phone and want to either receive or make phone calls, or both, then your telecom provider has to know exactly where you are. Such information is stored in their database so whether Apple or Android phones keep such information is irrelevant.

When I worked for a telecom provider it was a daily occurrence for the police to call and ask where a phone was at certain times and dates.

Edit: There are unverified claims that US intelligence agencies and other parties regularly distribute software that enables them to track your phone even if switched off.